古巴比伦（曾经那么强大，为何突然消失？）
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px !important;">在历史课本中，我们都会提到四大文明古国，分别是古巴比伦、古埃及、古印度和中国。如今，埃及、印度、中国都是一个国家，而巴比伦却在如今的世界地图中，找不到影子。那么，巴比伦王国为啥突然消失呢？</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p6.toutiaoimg.com/origin/617500043dea27a5f1e6?from=pc" img_width="803" img_height="542" alt="四大文明中的古国巴比伦王国，曾经那么强大，为何突然消失？" inline="0" class="syl-page-img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px auto 8px; padding: 0px; cursor: zoom-in; max-width: 100%; display: block; border-radius: 4px; height: auto;"/></p><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">（四大文明古国）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在中国，四大文明古国的说法得到传播，多亏了梁启超。1900年，梁启超在《二十世纪太平洋歌》中，认为“地球上古文明祖国有四：中国、印度、埃及、巴比伦是也”。但四大文明古国的说法并非出自梁启超，西方国家早期就有四大文明古国的说法，在美国一些历史教科书中也有这类说法。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">为啥这四个国家能够被称为四大文明古国呢？从上面的图，我们能看到，四个国家分别在黄河流域、印度河流域、尼罗河流域、幼发拉底河和格里底斯河的两河流域中，诞生了人类最早的文明。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">但是，如今巴比伦王国已经彻底消失。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p6.toutiaoimg.com/origin/617500043de94f5c56d3?from=pc" img_width="505" img_height="332" alt="四大文明中的古国巴比伦王国，曾经那么强大，为何突然消失？" inline="0" class="syl-page-img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px auto 8px; padding: 0px; cursor: zoom-in; max-width: 100%; display: block; border-radius: 4px; height: auto;"/></p><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">（古巴比伦王国地图）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">古巴比伦王国（约前30世纪－前729年）位于美索不达米亚平原，在距今约5000年前左右，这里的人们建立了国家，到公元前18世纪．这里出现了古巴比伦王国。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">美索不达米亚是啥意思呢？这个词出自于《圣经》，翻译成中文就是“伊甸园”的意思，是古希腊语，意为“两条河中间的地方”。所以说，古巴比伦王国就是在幼发拉底河和格里底斯河的两河流域中，诞生了人类最早的文明。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">古巴比伦王国是美索不达米亚平原南部的奴隶制城邦，大致在当今的伊拉克共和国版图内，以巴比伦城为中心。公元前十九世纪中，阿摩利人灭掉苏美尔人的乌尔第三王朝，建立了以巴比伦城为首都的巴比伦王国。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">巴比伦也是一句希腊语，翻译过来就是“神之门”的意思。古巴比伦王国第六代国王汉穆拉比是个杰出的人才，他即位后征服了苏美尔人和阿卡德人，统一了美索不达米亚平原，建立一个强大的中央集权制国家，成为西亚古代奴隶制国家的典型。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p6.toutiaoimg.com/origin/66a5000302be6f3d42d5?from=pc" img_width="549" img_height="427" alt="四大文明中的古国巴比伦王国，曾经那么强大，为何突然消失？" inline="0" class="syl-page-img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px auto 8px; padding: 0px; cursor: zoom-in; max-width: 100%; display: block; border-radius: 4px; height: auto;"/></p><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">（汉穆拉比）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">古巴比伦王国之所以能成为四大文明古国，与汉穆拉比有着很大关系。汉穆拉比在位期间，颁布了《汉穆拉比法典》 。这部法典共282条，由序言、本文和结语三部分组成，序言和结语约占全部篇幅的五分之一，语言丰富，词藻华丽，可以说是一篇对汉穆拉比本人的赞美诗。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在序言里，汉穆拉比自称受命于天神安努和苏美尔最高神恩利勒,是“四方的庇护者”、“众王的统治者”,他是按神的意志颁布这一法典，一再称颂自己的丰功伟绩。结语部分告诫后继的国王必须遵守这部法典，不得曲解、变更或废除，否则，一切灾祸将降临其身。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">法典本文涉及当时社会生活的许多方面，陈述次序大致是：1～5条司法方面的犯罪；6～25条,财产方面的犯罪；26～59条，土地、房屋和损害赔偿；60～126条,果园经营、商业、借贷和寄存等;127～194条,婚姻、家庭、家庭财产、继承和收养；195～214条,殴打致伤致死；215～240条,关于医生、理发师、建筑师、造船工和船员等规定;241～267条，耕牛租赁、耕者和牧者的雇佣；268～277条,动物、船和车辆租赁、工匠雇佣等；278～282条，奴隶买卖等。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这部法典是古代两河流域及其邻近地区楔形文字法中具有代表性的一部法典，也是世界上迄今完整保存下来的最早的一部法典。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">此外，古巴比伦王国经济文化高度发展，特别是数学和天文学。不过，汉穆拉比死后，帝国就瓦解了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p6.toutiaoimg.com/origin/66a200042db45fce132f?from=pc" img_width="874" img_height="577" alt="四大文明中的古国巴比伦王国，曾经那么强大，为何突然消失？" inline="0" class="syl-page-img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px auto 8px; padding: 0px; cursor: zoom-in; max-width: 100%; display: block; border-radius: 4px; height: auto;"/></p><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">（空中花园）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">汉穆拉比王统一两河流域后，即以巴比伦为国都，这里逐渐成为祭祀马尔杜克神的中心。古巴比伦城市在今伊拉克巴格达以南约90千米处。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">公元前689年，巴比伦城为亚述王西拿基立所毁，不久又经新巴比伦王国重建。新巴比伦国王尼布甲尼撒二世在位时(前605～前562)，该城达到极盛。新巴比伦人学会了用色彩明快的上釉砖建造主要纪念物，所以巴比伦城的色彩令人吃惊。著名的例子是“世界七大奇迹”之一的巴比伦城墙，也就是人们常说的“空中花园”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">据说新巴比伦国王尼布甲尼撒二世娶了米底的公主安美依迪丝为王后。公主美丽可人，深得国王的宠爱。可是时间一长，公主愁容渐生。尼布甲尼撒不知何故。公主说：“我的家乡山峦叠翠，花草丛生。而这里是一望无际的巴比伦平原，连个小山丘都找不到，我多么渴望能再见到我们家乡的山岭和盘山小道啊！”原来公主得了思乡病。于是，尼布甲尼撒二世令工匠按照米底山区的景色，在他的宫殿里，建造了层层叠叠的阶梯型花园，上面栽满了奇花异草。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">空中花园采用立体造园手法，将花园放在四层平台之上，由沥青及砖块建成，平台由25米高的柱子支撑，并且有灌溉系统，奴隶不停地推动连系着齿轮的把手。园中种植各种花草树木，远看犹如花园悬在半空中，由此得名空中花园。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">不过，这座花园早已经没有了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">19世纪末，德国考古学家发掘出巴比伦城的遗址。他们在发掘南宫苑时，在东北角挖掘 出一个不寻常的、半地下的、近似长方形的建筑物，面积约1260平方米。考古学家认为这个地方很可能就是传说中的“空中花园”的遗址。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://p6.toutiaoimg.com/origin/66a5000302bf8fbb9e76?from=pc" img_width="1032" img_height="693" alt="四大文明中的古国巴比伦王国，曾经那么强大，为何突然消失？" inline="0" class="syl-page-img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px auto 8px; padding: 0px; cursor: zoom-in; max-width: 100%; display: block; border-radius: 4px; height: auto;"/></p><p class="pgc-img-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">（伊拉克地图）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">尼布甲尼撒二世死后不久，国内阶级矛盾及民族矛盾加剧，最后一个国王那波尼达统治时，国王及马尔杜克神庙之间的矛盾加剧，并试图另立新神，那波尼达离开首都，以其子伯沙撒摄政。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">公元前539年，波斯人崛起，居鲁士二世率军入侵新巴比伦王国时，祭司竟打开大门放波斯军队入城，伯沙撒被杀，那波尼达被俘，巴比伦王国不战而亡。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">此后，巴比伦王国灭国。而在巴比伦王国的土地上，陆续建立起了其他国家。后来的公元前330年，亚历山大大帝征服了美索不达米亚，开建了马其顿帝国国王。如今，巴比伦王国的大部分故土在今天的伊拉克境内。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">那么，为啥后来在巴比伦王国土地建立的国家，不叫巴比伦王国呢？主要是因为侵占巴比伦王国的国家和部族太多了，侵占后并没有把这里当做国都，所以国名就不会延用巴比伦。这种情况下，随着巴比伦灭国后，后世就没有巴比伦王国这个称号了。</p>
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