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I was wondering if it's possible to do something like this (which doesn't work):

select cast( (exists(select * from theTable where theColumn like 'theValue%') as bit)

Seems like it should be doable, but lots of things that should work in SQL don't ;) I've seen workarounds for this (SELECT 1 where... Exists...) but it seems like I should be able to just cast the result of the exists function as a bit and be done with it.

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No, you'll have to use a workaround.

If you must return a conditional bit 0/1 another way is to:

SELECT CAST(
   CASE WHEN EXISTS(SELECT * FROM theTable where theColumn like 'theValue%') THEN 1 
   ELSE 0 
   END 
AS BIT)

Or without the cast:

SELECT
   CASE
       WHEN EXISTS( SELECT 1 FROM theTable WHERE theColumn LIKE 'theValue%' )
            THEN 1 
       ELSE 0 
   END

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