c# - Union Vs Concat in Linq

Question

I have a question on Union and Concat. I guess both are behaving same in case of List<T> .

var a1 = (new[] { 1, 2 }).Union(new[] { 1, 2 });             // O/P : 1 2
var a2 = (new[] { 1, 2 }).Concat(new[] { 1, 2 });            // O/P : 1 2 1 2

var a3 = (new[] { "1", "2" }).Union(new[] { "1", "2" });     // O/P : "1" "2"
var a4 = (new[] { "1", "2" }).Concat(new[] { "1", "2" });    // O/P : "1" "2" "1" "2"

The above result are expected,

But Incase of List<T> I am getting same result.

class X
{
    public int ID { get; set; }
}

class X1 : X
{
    public int ID1 { get; set; }
}

class X2 : X
{
    public int ID2 { get; set; }
}

var lstX1 = new List<X1> { new X1 { ID = 10, ID1 = 10 }, new X1 { ID = 10, ID1 = 10 } };
var lstX2 = new List<X2> { new X2 { ID = 10, ID2 = 10 }, new X2 { ID = 10, ID2 = 10 } };

var a5 = lstX1.Cast<X>().Union(lstX2.Cast<X>());     // O/P : a5.Count() = 4
var a6 = lstX1.Cast<X>().Concat(lstX2.Cast<X>());    // O/P : a6.Count() = 4

But both are behaving the same incase of List<T>.

Any suggestions please?

Answer 1

Union returns Distinct values. By default it will compare references of items. Your items have different references, thus they all are considered different. When you cast to base type X, reference is not changed.

If you will override Equals and GetHashCode (used to select distinct items), then items will not be compared by reference:

class X
{
    public int ID { get; set; }

    public override bool Equals(object obj)
    {
        X x = obj as X;
        if (x == null)
            return false;
        return x.ID == ID;
    }

    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        return ID.GetHashCode();
    }
}

But all your items have different value of ID. So all items still considered different. If you will provide several items with same ID then you will see difference between Union and Concat:

var lstX1 = new List<X1> { new X1 { ID = 1, ID1 = 10 }, 
                           new X1 { ID = 10, ID1 = 100 } };
var lstX2 = new List<X2> { new X2 { ID = 1, ID2 = 20 }, // ID changed here
                           new X2 { ID = 20, ID2 = 200 } };

var a5 = lstX1.Cast<X>().Union(lstX2.Cast<X>());  // 3 distinct items
var a6 = lstX1.Cast<X>().Concat(lstX2.Cast<X>()); // 4

Your initial sample works, because integers are value types and they are compared by value.