c++ - Check if class is a template specialization

Question

I want to check if a class is a template specialization of another one. What I have tried is:

template <class T, template <class...> class Template>
struct is_specialization : std::false_type {};

template <template <class...> class Template, class... Args>
struct is_specialization<Template<Args...>, Template> : std::true_type {};

It works fine when all template parameters are type arguments but not when some are non-type arguments. For example it works with std::vector but not std::array (since the later accepts an non-type argument std::size_t).

It's important that the check is made at compile time. Also the solution must work for any template, not just vectors or arrays. That means that it can be any number of type arguments and any number of non-type arguments. For example it should work with template <class A, bool B, class C, int D, class... Args> class foo;

Answer 1

C++20 is a weird, weird world. Cross-checking is welcome as I'm a beginner with CTAD and not entirely sure I've covered all bases.

This solution uses SFINAE to check whether class template argument deduction (CTAD) succeeds between the requested class template and the mystery type. An additional is_same check is performed to prevent against unwanted conversions.

template <auto f>
struct is_specialization_of {
private:
    template <class T>
    static auto value_impl(int) -> std::is_same<T, decltype(f.template operator()<T>())>;

    template <class T>
    static auto value_impl(...) -> std::false_type;

public:
    template <class T>
    static constexpr bool value = decltype(value_impl<T>(0))::value;
};

// To replace std::declval which yields T&&
template <class T>
T declrval();

#define is_specialization_of(...) 
    is_specialization_of<[]<class T>() -> decltype(__VA_ARGS__(declrval<T>())) { }>::value

// Usage
static_assert(is_specialization_of(std::array)<std::array<int, 4>>);

First caveat: Since we can't declare a parameter for the class template in any way without knowing its arguments, passing it around to where CTAD will be performed can only be done by jumping through some hoops. C++20 constexpr and template-friendly lambdas help a lot here, but the syntax is a mouthful, hence the helper macro.

Second caveat: this only works with movable types, as CTAD only works on object declarations, not reference declarations. Maybe a future proposal will allow things such as std::array &arr = t;, and then this will be fixed!

Actually fixed by remembering that C++17 has guaranteed copy-elision, which allows direct-initialization from a non-movable rvalue as is the case here!